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Kyriakoudi A., Zoani C., Zappa G., Tsimidou M. Z.
The elemental profile of the Greek saffron PDO “Krokos Kozanis” as a tool in authentication and traceability studies

Saffron, the dehydrated red stigmas of the plant Crocus sativus L., being the most expensive spice worldwide, is a potential target of fraud or mislabelling. So far, determination of the levels of the major water-soluble and volatile saffron compounds has been exploited for geographical differentiation or quality control purposes. The elemental profile of foods and especially REE one, which constitutes also a powerful tool for traceability, as well as for geographical origin demonstration, reflecting soil characteristics, area of production and environmental growing conditions, is not yet fully exploited. The aim of the present work was to study the elemental profile of “Krokos Kozanis” which is the major European PDO product. Authentic saffron samples (n = 33), of the highest quality category, were subjected to ICP-MS analysis. Trace and ultra-trace elements including REE (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Zr, Ce, Er, Eu, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sc, Sm, Th, Y, Yb), were determined. Moreover, in order to study their accumulation from the soil to the aerial parts of the Crocus sativus L., whole plants and the soil portion corresponding to their rhizospheres were collected from a field (Krokos Kozani, Greece) and subjected to ICP-AES analysis. A first comparison between the derived compositional data and the respective ones for saffron produced in different regions of Italy (Abruzzo, Umbria, Tuscany) was found promising for the effectiveness of this approach in authenticity and traceability studies of the particular PDO product.

Epova, E., Bérail, S., Zuliani, T., Medina, B., Donard, O. X.
Non-traditional stable isotope techniques for verifying the declared geographical origin of wine

Geographical origin assignment of food products often requires multi-element stable isotope analyses combined with the multi-elemental profiles and multivariate data evaluation. We introduced a new analytical approach consisting of a combination of elemental characteristics, Pb and Sr isotope information in terms of establish a new tool to differentiate geographical provenance of wine. This method has been successfully approved on high value Bordeaux Grand Cru wine the authentique wine and counterfeits made of this brand were recognized.
More than a hundred samples of Bordeaux wines, wines from Slovenia, USA and China were analysed in terms of specifying their geographical origin. Sr isotope composition of wines was found very specific in small regional scale, able to distinguish different chateaux in the Bordeaux region and Slovenia. In contrast, in large territorial dimension Pb isotopic trend is more distinctive due to global lead environmental extension - case of wines origin China and USA.
This work can contribute to the development of a more robust policy in the fight against faking and counterfeiting by establishing the new analytical methods. For correct interpretation of results a databank of authentic samples is required.

Papageorgiou, M., Zioris, I., Papaioannou, D., Danis, T., Kalavrouziotis, I., Lambropoulou, D.
Multiresidue method for the determination of PPCPs in beetroot crops using QuEChERS by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Presence of unregulated and not assessed organic microcontaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater effluents represents a significant challenge to wastewater reclamation, especially if intended for human consumption or irrigation practices. It is widely accepted that due to the insufficient treatments for PPCPs at WWTPs, certain fractions of these contaminants are discharged in effluents and then are introduced into agroecosystems through land application of manure and biosolids, as well as crop irrigation with reclaimed water. The uptake and bioaccumulation of PPCPs in the edible parts of food crops and fodders and their subsequent entry into the human food chain have been received considerable attention over the last decade. Consequently, comprehensive and high- throughput analytical methods should be developed and validated to accurately quantify the amount of PPCPs accumulated in crops and assess the potential human health impact from long-term consumption of PPCP contaminated crops.In this context, an analytical methodologyusing a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure has been developed for multi-residue determination of 114 PPCP compounds (belonging to more than 30 different therapeutic classes) in beetroot crops. Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used for their determination. The QuEChERS procedure was optimized in terms of extractor solvent, partitioning salts and clean-up salts, through recovery and matrix-effect studies. The method developed was validated according to Document SANTE/11945/2015 and proved to be selective, accurate and precise, obtaining limits of quantification from 3.6 ng/g to 337.8 ng/g, depending on the nature of the substance. The method allowing acceptable recoveries for most of the PPCPs (71%), within the range 60–120% with an associated precision (Relative standard deviations - RSD) < 20%. The methodology of QuEChERS was successfully applied in real samples of redroot crops.

Bontempo, L., Paolini, M., Camin, F.
Compound-specific analysis of δ13C and δ2H of olive oil fatty acids

An analytical method was developed to measure δ13C, and for the first time, δ2H of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) extracted from olive oil triglycerides, after base-catalysed transesterification with methanol. FAMEs are analysed using Gas Chromatography Combustion/Pyrolysis Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GCC/Py-IRMS). Accuracy, precision and uncertainty of the whole method (from preparation to measurement) were determined as well as the impact of methylation on δ13C and δ2H. The obtained performance of the method is satisfying and allow the determination of reliable data.

Ordoudi, S. A., Tsimidou, M. Z.
Building spectral databases for the quality control of spices: The case study of saffron

Spectroscopic/spectrometric analyses of spices offer low-cost, rapid measurements for qualitative and quantitative purposes related with authenticity, traceability and quality issues. To get most of the information encoded in the spectral data about the composition of a sample, metabolic fingerprinting approaches and/or chemometric methods are frequently applied. However, these approaches require the building up and use of “fit- to-purpose” databases with special precaution on the reliability of the sample meta-data. The latter may refer to botanical and geographical origin, harvest time, processing and storage history, chemical composition, etc. This study discusses the requirements for building up and updating spectral databases for saffron, the most expensive spice in the world. Special emphasis is given to show how the FT-IR spectral variations due to postharvest treatment of the product, storage length/ conditions and presence of adulterants may assist in classification studies.

Coccia E., Volpe M. G., Varricchio E., Paolucci M.
The use of FTIR spectroscopy to assess polyphenols induced changes in the biochemical composition of fish tissues

In the last few years, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has significantly advanced in biological research. This has been due to recent progress in the use of chemometrics, such as partial least square (PLS) analysis or principal component analysis (PCA) for the extraction of reliable information even from highly complex FTIR spectroscopy spectra. In comparison to conventional chemical analyses, FTIR spectroscopy has striking advantages due to the high reliability, sensitivity, and the speed of measurement procedure.
Here we present some preliminary data on the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze the trout digestive system exposed in vitro to hydroxytyrolsol from olive pulp. Statistical analyses on FTIR spectra allowed the comparison of global effects of the hydroxytyrosol and evidenced some common or different features in the cell perturbations among digestive system tracts. Interestingly, marked metabolic changes induced by polyphenols were identified. Furthermore, many metabolic changes could be detected as early as after 15 minutes incubation with the polyphenol.

Matsakidou, A., Tsimidou, M. Z., Kiosseoglou, V.
Revealing the invisible changes in FTIR spectra upon storage of edible composite films using two dimensional correlation analysis

Attenuated Total Reflectance/Fourrier Transform Infra Red (ATR/FTIR) Spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the rapid extraction of information from complex matrices such as the composite films that are based on edible biopolymers. These films are used for the protection of food products against moisture uptake and are consumed with them. In order to be suitable for food packaging they need to be stable against physical and chemical changes upon storage. FTIR is a convenient tool to examine the film compounds and changes due to their interactions during ageing. However, the incorporation of a hydrophobic compound into the plasticized biopolymer matrix leads to a complex FTIR spectrum due to peak overlapping, which increases uncertainty concerning peak assignment to specific compounds. Moreover, the complexity of the spectrum prevents the identification of small changes during storage. Literature on FTIR data mostly relies on chemometric approaches. In this work, the effectiveness of the Two Dimensional Correlation Analysis (2D-Cor) to increase spectral resolution by analyzing spectrum into two dimensions and hence allows to differentiate overlapping peaks is exemplified. 2D-Cor analysis was carried out in ATR/FTIR spectra of composite oil bodies-sodium caseinate based edible films plasticized by glycerol during storage under mild conditions for 60 days. Invisible, otherwise, physical changes, due to water uptake and glycerol migration to the film surface, and chemical changes, due to lipid hydrolysis, were revealed using this mathematical treatment of spectra. Correlations and sequences of changes at various wavelengths are presented and discussed.

Georgouli, K., Diaz-Chito, K., Martinez-del Rincon, J., Koidis, A.
Building generic, easily-updatable chemometric models with harmonisation and augmentation features: The case of FTIR vegetable oils classification

Published literature in food authenticity studies is based on multivariate chemometric models that have been calibrated under controlled conditions using a limited dataset and a particular spectral acquisition instrument. There is a challenge to create accurate and robust chemometric models that would be able to perform well when tested with samples that have never been encountered by the calibration data and be applicable when the acquisition instrument is different from the initial instrument. Augmentation of the models with synthetic samples is a fresh approach to overcome these challenges. But even when a chemometric model is modified with the synthetic samples there is always the danger of overfitting it to the calibration set especially because limited new chemical information is added to the model using this technique. The only solution in this case is often the acquisition of more spectra from original authentic samples and retrain the models. The problem starts when original data are not readily available. In all these situations, it is clear that evolving a chemometric model may be a better solution than recreating or retraining it as a full new batch. This will only require access to the existing models and the new samples. In this paper we propose, therefore, two different approaches to tackle the challenges described earlier: a) a novel spectral data augmentation framework (DAF) in order to increase the performance of a typical classification model by generating realistic data augmented samples and b) a simple model updating framework for retraining models from large datasets.
The feasibility of the proposed DAF has been evaluated on three main different experiments where Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic data of vegetable oils were used for the identification of vegetable oil species in oil admixtures.
Results demonstrate a significant ~40% improvement in classification when testing in more than 10 different spectroscopic instruments to the calibration one. On the other hand, the application of our novel model updating technique, called Incremental Generalized Discriminative Common Vectors (IGDCV) based on the same vegetable oil identification scenario, allowed for faster model creation while maintaining the same high accuracy. It is argued that using the combined approach of the DAF and IGDCV techniques can allow the generation of models that are applicable to the real world such as a spectroscopy sensor (NIR or Raman) in the food production floor, a tea processing facility or other examples.

Lampi, E., Dessipri, E., Poulima, I.
A flexible model for the development and validation of multianalyte methods for the determination of migrants from food contact materials

Several thousands of chemical substances which are used in the production of food contact materials and articles have the potential to migrate into foods. It needs high analytical experience, hard work and high level instrumentation to determine the level of their migration into foods or food simulants. Development of multi-analyte methods is necessary in order to cope with the huge number of chemical compounds which should be determined. Application for the official control necessitates validation for each combination of analyte/substrate/simulant/migration condition.
A very promising approach is based on the design and development of a structured flexible model for the establishment of modular analytical process which will incorporate the standard migration methods, different substrates in combination with various analytes and will include procedures for samples’ preparation and instrumental analysis. The model foresees the extension to additional migrating compounds and food substrates followed by the necessary minimum validation actions in order to achieve a reliable result at the shortest time. The philosophy of this approach focuses on the breakdown of the analytical process into fully documented individual, independent and clearly defined stages (modules) which can be combined together to give the appropriate analytical process according to the target analyte(s) and simulants or food substrates. The implementation of this model provides a continuously expanding measurement capability of the laboratory with simultaneous satisfaction of the requirements for reliable, traceable and comparable results.
This model is successfully applied to plastics’ starting substances and additives, focusing on incorporation of the analysis of new plasticizers like diethylhexyl terephthalate using GC-FID and GC-MS instrumentation.

Cubadda, F., Aureli, F., Raggi, A., Mantovani, A.
The role of in vitro simulated human digestion models in assessing potential exposure to nanoparticles in food: an essential tool for risk assessment of nanomaterials used in food-related applications

In the food sector, applications of nanotechnologies to (i) agricultural production, (ii) food processing, and (iii) food contact materials are rapidly developing. An appropriate nano-specific risk assessment has to be carried out for nanotechnology applications that result in the presence of nanoparticles in food. One essential issue in such an assessment is to ascertain whether there is potential for systemic exposure, i.e., if nanoparticles may persist as such after gastrointestinal digestion and be absorbed in the gut. The importance of studying the dissolution of nanoparticles under conditions representative of the gastrointestinal tract is discussed, along with the in vitro models and the analytical methods that can be used for such an undertaking.

Page 256 of 977 Results 2551 - 2560 of 9762