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Zografos, A., Clotilde, L., Birley, A.
Development and commercial implementation of a source assurance and traceability method based on DNA barcodes

We present results from the development and commercial implementation of a novel method for source assurance and traceability that is based on DNA barcodes, which are externally applied onto or in foods.This development is unrelated to DNA barcoding as it applies to species detection in biology.
The method employs a set of sixty-four distinct, short (~ 100 base pairs) DNA sequences. These sequences have already been recognized by the United States Food and Drug Administration as food safe. We employ a commercial off-the-shelf auto sampler, which we refer to as a dispenser. The dispenser is loaded with vials containing each sequence, and it is used to create unique combinations of these sequences. We refer to these combinations as “barcodes.” The dispenser is connected to a main database, which ensures that each created barcode is unique.
The resulting barcodes are used to tag foods. In the first commercial implementation at Borton Fruit(Washington State, USA), the barcodes are matched to source information and are applied to apples mixed in with the standard wax coating. We demonstrate that the barcodes are stable much longer than the apples’ shelf life. We demonstrate that commingled fruitsfrom multiple sources can be correctly identified with accuracy. We discuss the development of a fast assay to read the barcodes in approximately 15 minutes and present our plan to further decrease the time in the near future. Finally, we discuss planned applications in other commodities.

Favati, F., Bernardi, M., Galgano, F., Caruso, M. C., Cappiello, F.
Evaluation of commercial frying oils by using the OXITEST method

Frying is one of the oldest cooking method used, either at home or industrial level, and can be utilized for preparing several foods, namely vegetables, meat and fish. However, while frying may impart desired characteristics, undesirable and potentially harmful compounds may also be formed, due to the combined effect of temperature, oxygen and moisture on the frying fat, as well as its interaction with the chemical species found in the substrates. The kind of fat used may span from non-hydrogenated and refined fats and oils, to various tailor made frying oils, the latter being represented by blends of vegetable oils mixed at different percentages in order to achieve the highest stability, while liked by the consumers.
In this work 15 commercial frying oils were investigated for their oxidation stability using the OXITEST method, based on the utilization of new apparatus that allow to monitor the oxidation process in solid and liquid products. The oils had at least one year of residual shelf-life when bought, and the tests were performed on two different batches for each oil. The samples were also characterized for their acidity, peroxide number, p-anisidine value, fatty acid composition, tocopherols and tocotrienols content, absorbance at 232 and 270 nm, and dissolved oxygen level immediately prior to the stability test. The resultant induction times showed a quite wide variability, with 61% the oils having an induction time between 180 and 240 min, 16% below 180 min and only 10% of the oil showing and induction time over 300 min.

Jitaru, P., Chekri, R., Guérin, T.
Current status and future prospects of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) in terms of national reference mandate for trace metals determination in foodstuff

The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses) is the leading national food safety agency in Europe with regards to the scope of its missions. The agency provides state authorities with the technical& scientific assistance they require to draft new regulations and standards at national, European and international level, develop new test methods and carry out market surveillance.
The Agency has a network of 11 reference and research laboratories distributed throughout France. Anses also leads and coordinates a network of 31 scientific organizations, including health agencies, institutes and research laboratories. Anses laboratories hold 65 national reference mandates and 26 European and international reference mandates. These mandates acknowledge the agency to develop new methods of diagnosis and analysis and also to validate and transfer them to the network laboratories to ensure that health inspections throughout France and Europe are performed under controlled and uniform conditions. One particular mission of Anses is also the direct involvement in the national surveillance/control plans (PS/PC) issued by the French Directorate General for food of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-Food and Forestry. These PS/PC are exploratory actions necessary to foreseen the contamination of foodstuff largely consumed by the general population hence allowing the state authorities to take preventive or curative actions if necessary.
Anses’ department of food chemical contaminants hosts the national reference laboratory (NRL) for trace metals in food of animal origin (LNR-TMFAO) accredited according to ISO/IEC 17025 standard. The main mission of the LNR-TMFAO is providing scientific and technical support to health inspection departments in terms of methods validation, training and method transfer to field/routine laboratories. In this respect, LNR-TMFAO organizes proficiency testing schemes for the network of routine laboratories in order to assess their capability to carry out official measurements of trace metals in foodstuff of animal origin.
This work addresses the current status of Anses in terms of activity of the national reference laboratory of trace metals determination in foodstuff. In this respect, the current available reference methods for trace metals determination and their validation protocol by using the accuracy profile approach will be presented. In addition, the organization, sample preparation and data statistical treatment employed for the proficiency-testing schemes organized by LNR-TMFAO will be discussed. The main/preliminary results of the latest PS/PC (2016, 2017) in terms of trace metals in various foodstuffs will also be addressed. Finally, the future research and national reference-related projects of LNR-TMFAO will also be presented.

Jun, L., Fang, X., Shang, T.
Thinking and practicing of National Quality Infrastructure in China

Quality has always been an important issue, and it is a hot topic in the past in all parts of the world. The globalization of the markets continues its rapid pace and as it is shaped by technological developments, more and more governments are carefully reconsidering the overall arrangement of their National Quality Infrastructure, NQI. This paper covers the concept of NQI, the relationship between NQI elements, a case of application of NQI to a food productive chain and the development prospect in China.

Karalis P., Poutouki A. E., Dotsika E.
Isotopic model for detecting wine origin

Greek wines are characterized unique due to the rare composition of the geographical location of Greece and the high quality local wine varieties. For this reason we have to protect the authenticity and the identity of those Greek wine products. The most suitable method to ensure the authenticity and to validate the traceability of wine and is the stable isotopes. Specifically, the isotopic analysis of 13C/12C ratio in the bulk wine and the isotopic analysis of 18O/16O ratio in wine’s water can trace back the climatic conditions of the area the vine was cultivated and therefore the geographic region of the wine. Furthermore, the isotopic analysis of D/H in wine’s ethanol proves whether the ethanol origins are from the vine or not.

Vacchina, V., Medina, B., Donard, O. X., Seby, F.
Relevancy of speciation analysis for geographical origin discrimination of red wines

Wine traceability has become of primary importance for consumers as well as for producers. Indeed, because of its high market price, it’s a product highly subject to fraud. Traceability analysis are, among others, performed by trace element analysis. Indeed, their content may change depending on the soils on which the vine has grown and also as a function of the agricultural practices. But in addition, these different origins may also impact these trace elements speciation. Therefore, the objective of our work was to check if the speciation analysis could be more discriminant than the single total element content for geographical discrimination purpose. In a first step, the development and the validation of the speciation methods of different elements (As, Se,…) in red wine will be described. Then, the application of these methods to the analysis of red wines from different geographical origin will be presented. Finally, the statistical treatment of these data will allow to the conclusion about the relevancy of using speciation analysis to discriminate the geographical origin of red wines.

Chekri, R., Bemrah, N., Kandia, D., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Jitaru, P.
Essential and toxic trace elements in chocolate: Occurrence data, assessment of nutritional merits and risk evaluation

The aim of the study was the assessment of the balance of essential and toxic elements in chocolate in order to evaluate its quality and its nutritional merits. For this purpose, 85 samples of the mostly consumed chocolates in France of different types: dark and milk chocolates, powdered chocolates in addition to cocoa beans were collected from regular markets and analysed in terms of essential (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Se and Zn), non-essential (B, Ba, Co, Ni, Sr, Ti and V) as well as toxic elements (Al, As, Cd, Sb and Pb). Cocoa beans are found to have higher contents of the measured elements followed by dark or powdered chocolates then by milk chocolates excepted for Ca and Na which are higher in milk chocolates. The latter results show a negative correlation between the cocoa content and Ca and Na concentrations, which can be attributed to the presence of these elements in milk hence leading to an increase of their levels in the milk-chocolate type compared to cocoa solely. Among the toxic elements, the highest mean levels were found for Al (43.1 mg kg-1) and Cd (0.227 mg kg-1) in powdered chocolates and cocoa beans respectively, whereas the levels of other toxic elements were very low (generally ≤ 0.01 – 0.07 mg kg-1). It is worth to note that significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between dark and milk chocolates for most elements while no differences were found between bio and regular dark chocolates except for B, V, Fe, Zn, Se, Mo and Cd (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, it is difficult to directly link these findings to the practices of organic farming. Finally, Cd content was significantly higher in bio (0.378 mg kg-1) than regular chocolate (0.114 mg kg-1). The exposure assessment was estimated and compared to the second French total diet study (TDS2), which was undertaken by the French Food Safety Agency in 2006. The exposition was quite similar in terms of toxic elements excepted from Cd which was ˜ 4 and 5 times higher than that from TDS2 for children and adults, respectively. The same observation was made for the intakes estimation (adults and children) concerning others elements with comparable results, excepted for Ca, Cr, K, Mg, Mn which were ˜ 2 times lower than those of TDS2 and for Na (˜ 4 times). No differences were found for Mg and Mn intakes for the adults.

Potočnik, D., Nečemer, M., Jagodic, M., Mazej, D., Ogrinc, N.
Verification of milk on the Slovenian market based on stable isotope and elemental analysis

Compliance with legal and labelling requirements, determination of nutrient values and detection of adulteration are some of the main reasons for the development and application of methods and techniques in food science. In this presentation, stable isotope ratios of light elements (13C/12C, 15N/14N, 18O/16O, 34S/32S) and elemental composition were used to verify the correct assignment of Slovenian milk samples and to develop a discrimination model able to discriminate between milk of Europe and Slovene origin.
The first database of authentic Slovenian cow milk has now been established and includes isotopic composition of oxygen (δ18O) in milk, the isotopic composition of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in casein (δ13C, δ15N and δ34S) and the elemental composition of raw milk. Samples were collected in summer and winter during 2012, 2013 and 2014 from different geographical regions (Alpine, Dinaric, Pannonian, Mediterranean) in Slovenia.
By applying Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to the data set of authentic Slovenian samples in 2013 and 2014, it was possible to differentiate Slovenian milk from milk produced in other EU countries (Austria, Croatia, Germany, Italy). The most important parameters that contributed to F1 distinctiveness were δ18O, Sr, K, Ca, while F2 was characterized by δ13C in casein, Zn, Br and δ18O. Furthermore, eleven milk samples, labelled as “Slovenian milk” were confirmed and classified as being authentic Slovenian milk. Results indicated that LDA classification could effectively contribute towards distinguishing milk samples of different geographical origin and provide a useful tool for the inspection and verification of declaration of origin. Information available through our study could be used to increase the transparency of the milk and dairy products supply chain.
This research represents a part of the ERA Chair ISO-FOOD for isotope techniques in food quality, safety and traceability.

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