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Bruno Andò, Salvatore Baglio, Nicola Pitrone
A CONTACTLESS HAPTIC CANE FOR BLIND PEOPLE

Mobility is a big deal for visually impaired people and many of the devices already available on the market suffer for poor degree and form of the information provided to the user. In this paper a new way of codifying the information to the blind end user is suggested.The proposed strategy is aimed to move the focus of the electronic aids from an artificial way to codify the information to a natural form. In particular, the developed contactless haptic cane exploits smart signal processing paradigms and an actuator matrix to produce on the user hand palm a stimulus miming the sensation given by a conventional white cane bumping into a obstacle in the user path.

Keishi Fukuyama, Yohsuke Mizukami, Hideyuki Sawada
A NOVEL MICRO-VIBRATION ACTUATOR AND THE PRESENTATION OF TACTILE SENSATIONS

A novel micro-vibration actuator using a shape-memory alloy for the presentation of various tactile sensations to a human skin is introduced in this paper. The authors paid attention to the characteristics of a shape-memory alloy formed into a thread, which changes its length according to its temperature, and developed a vibration-generating actuator electrically driven by periodic signals generated by current control circuits. For the tactile information transmission to a human body, the human higher-level perception such as the phantom sensation and the apparent movement of the tactility is employed in consideration of presenting novel tactile sensations. By coupling the actuators as a pair, an information transmission is realized for presenting novel tactile sensations to a user. The information transmission was tested by changing various conditions of electric signals to drive actuators, and was evaluated by questionnaires. Several users reported that they perceived a novel rubbing sensation given by the apparent movement, and we further experimented the presentation of the sensation in detail to be used as a tactile display for the information transmission through our body.

Yuri Machekhin
UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM CHAOTICAL BEHAVIOUR

Chaotic behaviour of nonlinear dynamic system as a mechanism of influence on uncertainty measurement are discussed. Based on the logistic equation as a mathematical model, measeurement uncertainty investigated. In the case when dynamic chaos take place in the system, uncertainty measurement has anormal distribution.

David Burget, Olga Tumová, Václav Ctvrtník
BOOTSTRAPPING TECHNIQUE AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

This article evaluates methods of computing confidence intervals and values of descriptive statistics, capability and performance indexes with the help of conventional procedures, statistical SW, and the method of generating random subgroups. Comparison of different methods has shown that there are differences between the results obtained by SW and those obtained by manual computing. Alternative estimation of values and confidence intervals by means of bootstrapping technique is discussed.

J. Dobiliene, E. Raudiene, R. P. Žilinskas
UNCERTAINTY OF SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS

The main purpose of this paper is to present the uncertainty of spectrometric analysis considering peculiarities of chemical measurements. Qualitative evaluation of chemical–physical transformation and impact on uncertainty in spectrometric analysis is presented. Spectrophotometric method is used to show experimentally the influence of analysis conditions on the measurement result.

Michal K. Urbanski, Adam Bzowski
ERROR ANALYSIS USING FUZZY ARITHMETIC BASED ON T-NORM

The presented algorithm for uncertainty evaluation has three steps: determining the membership function from series of measurements, evaluation of membership function of average value using fuzzy arithmetic based on a t-norm, and addition of systematic errors (based on expert analysis). The parameters of the t-norm are determined by a minimization procedure for a proposed error function.

G. Linß, S.C.N. Töpfer
NOVEL METHOD FOR INLINE ESTIMATION OF PROBING UNCERTAINTY IN OPTICAL MEASUREMENT

Typically measuring points in optical coordinate metrology are considered equally at the subsequent fitting of geometric elements, for example circle. Thereby it is assumed that the related probing uncertainty does neither vary locally nor between different measuring objects. This paper outlines a novel approach for the determination of quality measures as a measure for the related probing uncertainty. The quality measures are based on the quantitative evaluation of the intensity characteristic at the edge, whose position is to be measured. Thereby five different criteria such as slope, width, form, noise and uniqueness of the edge are utilised. The overall quality measure is calculated as a weighted sum of the individual quality measures. The proposed quality measures have been applied at a number of different measuring objects. The experimental data prove the soundness of the new approach. The utilisation of the proposed quality measures results in a decrease of measuring uncertainty.

Carlos C. Dantas, Silvio B. Melo, Valdemir A. dos Santos, Eric F. de Oliveira, Francisco P. M. Simões, M. Graça dos Santos, Artur R. de Aquino
A STUDY OF UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION IN TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT IN GAMMA RAY TOMOGRAPHY

A study of uncertainty in gamma ray transmission measurement of single beam tomography is presented. The radial density distribution of the FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking) catalyst in experimental riser is shown in measured and calculated data. Discrete models are proposed to describe data and for a better understanding of density distribution measurements. Validation procedure for the measurement models and uncertainty evaluation were carried out.

Giulio Barbato, Stefano Farné, Gianfranco Genta
MANAGEMENT OF SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS REPRESENTED BY ORDINAL SCALES

Common statistical methods, like arithmetic average, are, in principle, not adequate for ordinal scale evaluations, but in practice are frequently used. Specific methods are necessary, more complicated and with limits due to coarse resolution. This paper indicates some ways for overcoming resolution problems, allowing to compare specific and common analysis results. Thereafter it was possible to consider chi-square and skewness as indicators of the possibility of safely using common methods on datasets produced by non-linear metrics.

Francesco Crenna, Matteo Panero, Giovanni Battista Rossi
MEASUREMENT OF PERCEIVED SOUND INTENSITY ACCOUNTING FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

The measurement of quantities expressing the human response to some external stimuli is of great interest for metrology. In this paper some aspects of scale construction and measurement procedures are discussed, presenting different approaches, both direct and indirect, and focusing on the design of the panel test in order to obtain useful information for setting up the measurement scale and for the evaluation of its uncertainty. The measurement of sound intensity is considered and a case study concerning the internal noise of container trucks operating in a port is presented. The following methods are considered: - magnitude estimation; - interval estimation; - master scaling; - indirect measurements according to A–weighted sound pressure level and Zwicker’s loudness. Preliminary experimental results show the differences and criticalities among the proposed approaches, mainly due to the inherent inter and intra individual variability related to the perception itself and to its dependence on contextual factors.

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